A DNA test can change your life.

• Paternity tests conducted by DDC provide results with 99.9% accuracy.
• Scientifically, DNA tests determine the existence of a biological relationship with results indicating over 99% probability.
• Scientifically, DNA tests determine the absence of a biological relationship with 100% certainty.

• DNA testing can be performed before the child is born.
• It can be done immediately after birth.
• DNA testing can be done at any age.

No. DNA is collected using saliva, specifically cheek cells, which can be easily gathered using cotton swabs.

• Anyone who complies with the guidelines below can undergo DNA testing, with individual privacy being a priority.
• Consent of the individuals is sufficient for DNA testing.
• If the person requesting the test is under 18 years old, a responsible parent or guardian’s permission is required.

DNA test results are available within 7–10 business days after the samples are collected. The results are delivered in a report that clearly states whether a biological relationship exists or not.

 There’s no need to worry about making mistakes. As long as you rub the cotton swabs firmly on the inside of the cheek, you will collect a sufficient sample. Just ensure you collect samples from the correct individuals.

No. If it’s not possible, the mother’s sample is not required and does not affect the results. However, if the mother can participate, it allows for a faster analysis and easier retrieval of important genetic information.

 In certain cases, copies of additional reports may be requested for family members.

Yes. Arrangements will be made by sending kits with the same reference number to individuals in different countries.

 It is a tool used to collect DNA by rubbing it on the inside of the cheek. Unlike regular swabs, it is much more durable and can preserve DNA for a long time.

No. Rubbing the swab on the inside of the cheek is a very simple and painless procedure.

Absolutely not. DNA found in cheek cells is identical to the DNA found in blood. Therefore, it does not affect the results.

No. Ordinary swabs are made only of cotton. However, DDC swabs are specially made of Dacron material.

Swabs placed in the envelopes provided with the test can preserve DNA for a long time. There is no strict expiration date. Once the saliva samples are placed in the envelopes and dried, they can retain DNA for an extended period.

• Each “alleged father” has a 50% chance of being the biological father before testing.
• The Paternity Index (PI) is calculated by dividing the ratio of the alleged father’s DNA to the child’s by the ratio of any random man’s DNA to the child’s.
• All PIs are then multiplied together to get the Combined Paternity Index (CPI).
• The Probability of Paternity (POP) is calculated using the formula:
• 1 / (1 + 1/CPI) and then multiplied by 100 to express as a percentage.
• If the alleged father’s DNA does not match the child’s, the result will be 0.

• The PI is a measure of how well the alleged father’s alleles match the tested child’s alleles.
• The frequency of DNA segments (alleles) in humans and their racial characteristics affect the differences between alleles.
• Because allele sizes vary by race, knowing the race of the alleged father is important for statistical analysis.
• Databases include Caucasian, Black, Hispanic, and Asian populations. If the race is unknown, the lowest valid PI is used.

• There is no specific database for mixed races, so evaluations are based on the details of the mixed heritage (e.g., White and Black).
• The lowest PI is taken to calculate CPI or POP.

• Genes are made of four nucleic acids: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.
• A mutation changes one or more of these nucleic acids, causing them not to appear in the genetic sequence.
• Mutations can occur in individuals undergoing DNA testing.
• If this happens, matches between the mother/child or father/child may not be observed.
• While normally two individuals are sufficient for testing, mutated cells may require further analysis.
• Mutation frequencies are then taken into account when calculating POP and PI.

• Several options are available. If the person is deceased and samples were taken during autopsy, they can be used.
• DNA can also be extracted from items like tissues used before death.
• In some countries, like the UK, hospitals store such samples for extended periods.
• If no samples are available, DNA from close family members (parents, siblings, children) may be used for analysis.

• Yes. Especially among high-net-worth individuals, DNA tests are often used to prove biological relationships.
• These may include reconstructed DNA testing, grandparent testing, or sibling testing.

• If the person to be tested is ill or deceased, samples from other family members are used for genetic reconstruction.
• These samples may come from parents, siblings, or children, and more than one family member may be needed.
• The cost of the test depends on the number of samples required.

• Adoptive families often perform DNA testing during the process to ensure clarity and avoid future issues.
• This confirms the paternity of the adopted child from the beginning.

If the father’s identity is unknown, half of the child’s medical history is also unknown.
Knowing the father is important for detecting potential serious genetic issues.

• The same process as paternity testing is followed.
• The child’s DNA is compared with that of the alleged mother.
• According to recent information, these tests are often done in cases of babies being switched at birth.
• The test will determine whether the “alleged mother” is the biological mother.